Udev is a userspace system that enables the operating system administrator to register userspace handlers for events. The events received by udev's daemon are mainly generated by the (Linux) kernel in response to physical events relating to peripheral devices.

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USB is a standard for a wired connection between two electronic devices, including a mobile phone and a desktop computer. The connection is made by a cable that has a connector at either end. One end, the one that plugs into the computer, is the same across all USB cables while the one that plugs into the mobile device can be of various types such as miniUSB, microUSB or a proprietary connector.

USB version 1.1 provides maximum speeds of up to 1.5 MB/s while the current version 2.0 is about 40 times faster. The versions are backwards compatible and the speed is limited by the slower device. Transferring data may require drivers to be installed on the desktop computer but some phones offer 'mass storage' mode which means they appear as thumb drives to the computer and no special drivers are needed.

In addition to their data transferring application, USB cables also carry an electric charge that can be used to power peripherals (such as USB mice or keyboards), and many mobile phones can be charged through their USB port.

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2G3.5mm headphone jack3G4G5G802.11

A

A-GPS (Assisted GPS)A2DP (Advanced Audio Distribution Profile)AAC (Advanced Audio Coding)AccelerometerAirplane modeAlarm ClockAlphanumericAMOLED display (Active-matrix organic light-emitting diode)AnalogAndroidANT+AntennaApertureAPN (Access Point Name)Apple AirPlayApple AirPlay 2Apple iOSApple iOS 10Apple iOS 11Apple iOS 12Apple iOS 7Apple iOS 8Apple iOS 9Apple PayaptXAudio jackAuto-focusAVRCP (Audio/Video Remote Control Profile)

B

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C

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D

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E

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F

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G

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H

H.263H.264H.265Half-QWERTY keyboard layoutHandwriting recognitionHapticsHEVCHot SpotHot SwapHSCSD (High-Speed Circuit Switched Data)HSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access)HSDPA+ (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access Plus)HSP (Headset Profile)HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access)HTML (Hypertext Markup Language)Hz (Hertz)

I

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J

K

KB (Kilobyte)Kbps (Kilobits per second)Key GuardKey Lock Switch

L

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M

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N

NAND MemoryNetwork capacityNetwork coverageNFC (Near Field Communication)NiCd (Nickel Cadmium)NiMH (Nickel Metal Hydride)NOR MemoryNumeric keypad

O

OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer)OLED (Organic Light-Emitting Diode)Optical ZoomOS (Operating System)OTA (Over-The-Air)OTG

P

Packet DataPagerPC SyncPCS (Personal Communications Service)PDA (Personal Digital Assistant)Percentile rankPhone Book Access (PBA)Phone Life CyclePhone Physical AttributesPhonebookPIM (Personal Information Manager/Management)PIN code (Personal Identification Number)PixelPixel density (Pixels Per Inch)Polyphonic ringtonesPOP3 (Post Office Protocol)PortPredictive text inputPricePTT (Push-To-Talk)PUK Code (PIN UnlocK Code)Push

Q

QCIF (Quarter Common Intermediate Format)Quad-bandQuasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS)QVGA (Quarter Video Graphics Array)QWERTY keyboard layout

R

RAM (Random-Access Memory)RBDS (Radio Broadcast Data System)RDS (Radio Data System)Rechargeable Battery TypesResistive touchscreenResolutionRinger IDRinging profilesRingtoneRoamingROM (Read-Only Memory)RS-MMC (Reduced-Size Multi Media Card)RSA (Rural Service Area)RSS (Rich Site Summary)Ruggedized (Rugged)

S

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T

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U

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V

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WAP (Wireless Application protocol)watchOSWCDMA(Wideband Code Division Multiple Access)Wear OSWearable TechnologywebOSWi-FiWindows MobileWindows Phone OSWireless emailWLANWMV (Windows Media Video)

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udev is a userspace system that enables the operating system administrator to register userspace handlers for events. The events received by udev's daemon are mainly generated by the (Linux) kernel in response to physical events relating to peripheral devices. As such, udev's main purpose is to act upon peripheral detection and hot-plugging, including actions that return control to the kernel, e.g., loading kernel modules or device firmware.

As the successor of devfsd and hotplug, udev also manages device nodes in the /dev directory by adding, symlinking and renaming them. udev replaces the functionality of both hotplug and hwdetect.

udev handles separate events concurrently (in parallel), leading to a potential performance improvement over older systems. At the same time, this can complicate system administration, because, for example, the kernel module loading order is not preserved across boots. If the machine has multiple block devices, this may manifest itself in the form of device nodes changing designations after reboot. For example, if the machine has two hard drives, /dev/sda may on next boot become /dev/sdb. See below for more info on this.

Installation

udev is part of systemd and thus installed by default. See systemd-udevd.service(8) for information.

A standalone fork is available as eudev^AUR and eudev-git^AUR.

About udev rules

udev rules written by the administrator go in /etc/udev/rules.d/, their file name has to end with .rules. The udev rules shipped with various packages are found in /usr/lib/udev/rules.d/. If there are two files by the same name under /usr/lib and /etc, the ones in /etc take precedence.

To learn about udev rules, refer to the udev(7) manual. Also see Writing udev rules and some practical examples are provided within the guide: Writing udev rules - Examples.

udev rule example

Below is an example of a rule that creates a symlink /dev/video-cam when a webcamera is connected.

Let say this camera is currently connected and has loaded with the device name /dev/video2. The reason for writing this rule is that at the next boot, the device could show up under a different name, like /dev/video0.

To identify the webcamera, from the video4linux device we use KERNEL'video2' and SUBSYSTEM'video4linux', then walking up two levels above, we match the webcamera using vendor and product ID's from the usb parent SUBSYSTEMS'usb', ATTRS{idVendor}'05a9' and ATTRS{idProduct}'4519'.

We are now able to create a rule match for this device as follows:

Here we create a symlink using SYMLINK+='video-cam' but we could easily set user OWNER='john' or group using GROUP='video' or set the permissions using MODE='0660'.

If you intend to write a rule to do something when a device is being removed, be aware that device attributes may not be accessible. In this case, you will have to work with preset device environment variables. To monitor those environment variables, execute the following command while unplugging your device:

In this command's output, you will see value pairs such as ID_VENDOR_ID and ID_MODEL_ID, which match the previously used attributes idVendor and idProduct. A rule that uses device environment variables instead of device attributes may look like this:

List the attributes of a device

To get a list of all of the attributes of a device you can use to write rules, run this command:

Replace device_name with the device present in the system, such as /dev/sda or /dev/ttyUSB0.

If you do not know the device name you can also list all attributes of a specific system path:

Testing rules before loading

This will not perform all actions in your new rules but it will however process symlink rules on existing devices which might come in handy if you are unable to load them otherwise. You can also directly provide the path to the device you want to test the udev rule for:

Loading new rules

udev automatically detects changes to rules files, so changes take effect immediately without requiring udev to be restarted. However, the rules are not re-triggered automatically on already existing devices. Hot-pluggable devices, such as USB devices, will probably have to be reconnected for the new rules to take effect, or at least unloading and reloading the ohci-hcd and ehci-hcd kernel modules and thereby reloading all USB drivers.

If rules fail to reload automatically:

To manually force udev to trigger your rules:

udisks

See udisks.

Tips and tricks

Mounting drives in rules

To mount removable drives, do not call mount from udev rules. This is ill-advised for two reasons: (1) systemd by default runs systemd-udevd.service with a separate 'mount namespace' (see namespaces(7)), which means that mounts will not be visible to the rest of the system. (2) Even if you change the service parameters to fix this (commenting out the PrivateMounts and MountFlags lines), there is another problem which is that processes started from Udev are killed after a few seconds. In case of FUSE filesystems, such as NTFS, 'mount' starts a user-space process to handle the filesystem internals; when this is killed you will get Transport endpoint not connected errors if you try to access the filesystem.

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There are some options that work:

• Start a custom systemd service from the Udev rule; the systemd service can invoke a script which can start any number of long-running processes (like FUSE). A concise example which automatically mounts USB disks under /media is udev-media-automount. It was found to be fast and reliable. A variant of the same idea is explained in this blog post.
• Use systemd-mount instead of mount in your Udev rule. This is recommended by systemd developers. For example this Udev rule should mount USB disks under '/media':

The factual accuracy of this article or section is disputed.

As of this writing, however, it was found to be slow and unreliable.

• Use a package like udisks or udiskie. These are very powerful, but difficult to set up. Also, they are meant to be used in single user sessions, since they make some filesystems available under the ownership of the unprivileged user whose session is currently active.

Accessing firmware programmers and USB virtual comm devices

The following rule will allow users in the users group to access the USBtinyISP USB programmer for AVR microcontrollers.

Use lsusb to get the vendor and product IDs for other devices.

Execute on VGA cable plug in

Create the rule /etc/udev/rules.d/95-monitor-hotplug.rules with the following content to launch arandr on plug in of a VGA monitor cable:

Some display managers store the .Xauthority outside the user home directory. You will need to update the ENV{XAUTHORITY} accordingly. As an example GNOME Display Manager looks as follows:

Detect new eSATA drives

If your eSATA drive is not detected when you plug it in, there are a few things you can try. You can reboot with the eSATA plugged in. Or you could try:

Or you could install scsiadd^AUR (from the AUR) and try:

Hopefully, your drive is now in /dev. If it is not, you could try the above commands while running:

to see if anything is actually happening.

Mark internal SATA ports as eSATA

If you connected a eSATA bay or an other eSATA adapter the system will still recognize this disk as an internal SATA drive. GNOME and KDE will ask you for your root password all the time. The following rule will mark the specified SATA-Port as an external eSATA-Port. With that, a normal GNOME user can connect their eSATA drives to that port like a USB drive, without any root password and so on.

Setting static device names

Because udev loads all modules asynchronously, they are initialized in a different order. This can result in devices randomly switching names. A udev rule can be added to use static device names.See also Persistent block device naming for block devices and Network configuration#Change interface name for network devices.

Video device

For setting up the webcam in the first place, refer to Webcam setup.

Using multiple webcams will assign video devices as /dev/video* randomly on boot. The recommended solution is to create symlinks using an udev rule as in the #udev rule example:

Printer

If you use multiple printers, /dev/lp[0-9] devices will be assigned randomly on boot, which will break e.g. CUPS configuration.

You can create following rule, which will create symlinks under /dev/lp/by-id and /dev/lp/by-path, similar to Persistent block device naming scheme:

Identifying a disk by its serial

To perform some action on a specific disk device /dev/sdX identified permanently by its unique serial ID_SERIAL_SHORT as displayed with udevadm info /dev/sdX, one can use the below rule. It is passing as a parameter the device name found if any to illustrate:

Waking from suspend with USB device

A udev rule can be useful to enable the wake up functionality of a USB device, like a mouse or a keyboard, so that it can be used to wake from sleep the machine.

First, identify the vendor and product identifiers of the USB device. They will be used to recognize it in the udev rule. For example:

Then, find where the device is connected to using:

Now create the rule to change the power/wakeup attribute of both the device and the USB controller it is connected to whenever it is added:

Triggering events

This article or section is a candidate for merging with #Testing rules before loading.

It can be useful to trigger various udev events. For example, you might want to simulate a USB device disconnect on a remote machine. In such cases, use udevadm trigger:

This command will trigger a USB remove event on all USB devices with vendor ID abcd.

Triggering desktop notifications from a udev rule

The factual accuracy of this article or section is disputed.

Invoking an external script containing calls to notify-send via udevcan sometimes be challenging since the notification(s) never display on the Desktop. Here is an example of what commands and environmental variables need to be included in which files for notify-send to successfully be executed from a udev rule.

1) The following udev rule executes a script that plays a notification sound and sends a desktop notification when screen brightness is changed according to power state on a laptop. Create the file:

• USERNAME_TO_RUN_SCRIPT_AS and USERNAME need to be changed to that of the shortname for the user of the graphical session where the notification will be displayed;
• the script needs to be executed with /usr/bin/su, which will place its ownership under the user of the graphical session (rather than root/the system) where the notification will be displayed.

2) Contents of the executable script to be run on trigger of the udev rule:

• USERNAME_TO_RUN_SCRIPT_AS, UID_OF_USER_TO_RUN_SCRIPT_AS and USERNAME needs to be changed to that of the shortname for the user and user's UID of the graphical session where the notification will be displayed;
• /usr/bin/sudo is needed when playing audio via pulseaudio;
• three environmental variables (i.e., XAUTHORITY, DISPLAY and DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS) for the user of the graphical session where the notification will be displayed need to be defined and exported.

3) Load/reload the new udev rule (see above) and test it by unplugging the power supply to the laptop.

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Spawning long-running processes

Programs started by udev will block further events from that device, and any tasks spawned from a udev rule will be killed after event handling is completed. If you need to spawn a long-running process with udev, you can use at (e.g. your_command at now, or batch), or create a systemd unit which can be triggered directly from a udev rule.

Troubleshooting

Blacklisting modules

In rare cases, udev can make mistakes and load the wrong modules. To prevent it from doing this, you can blacklist modules. Once blacklisted, udev will never load that module – not at boot-time and not even later on when a hot-plug event is received (e.g., you plug in your USB flash drive).

Debug output

To get hardware debug info, use the kernel parameterudev.log-priority=debug. Alternatively you can set

This option can also be compiled into your initramfs by adding the config file to your FILES array

and then regenerate the initramfs.

udevd hangs at boot

After migrating to LDAP or updating an LDAP-backed system udevd can hang at boot at the message 'Starting UDev Daemon'. This is usually caused by udevd trying to look up a name from LDAP but failing, because the network is not up yet. The solution is to ensure that all system group names are present locally.

Extract the group names referenced in udev rules and the group names actually present on the system:

To see the differences, do a side-by-side diff:

In this case, the pcscd group is for some reason not present in the system. Add the missing groups. Also, make sure that local resources are looked up before resorting to LDAP. /etc/nsswitch.conf should contain the following line:

Some devices, that should be treated as removable, are not

You need to create a custom udev rule for that particular device. To get definitive information of the device you can use either ID_SERIAL or ID_SERIAL_SHORT (remember to change /dev/sdb if needed):

Then we create a rule in /etc/udev/rules.d/ and set variables for either udisks or udisks2.

For udisks, set UDISKS_SYSTEM_INTERNAL='0', which will mark the device as 'removable' and thus 'eligible for automounting'. See udisks(7) for details.

For udisks2, set UDISKS_AUTO='1' to mark the device for automounting and UDISKS_SYSTEM='0' to mark the device as 'removable'. See udisks(8) for details.

Remember to reload udev rules with udevadm control --reload. Next time you plug your device in, it will be treated as an external drive.

Sound problems with some modules not loaded automatically

Some users have traced this problem to old entries in /etc/modprobe.d/sound.conf. Try cleaning that file out and trying again.

IDE CD/DVD-drive support

Starting with version 170, udev does not support CD-ROM/DVD-ROM drives that are loaded as traditional IDE drives with the ide_cd_mod module and show up as /dev/hd*. The drive remains usable for tools which access the hardware directly, like cdparanoia, but is invisible for higher userspace programs, like KDE.

A cause for the loading of the ide_cd_mod module prior to others, like sr_mod, could be e.g. that you have for some reason the module piix loaded with your initramfs. In that case you can just replace it with ata_piix in your /etc/mkinitcpio.conf.

Optical drives have group ID set to 'disk'

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If the group ID of your optical drive is set to disk and you want to have it set to optical, you have to create a custom udev rule:

See also

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